Childhood Is Not A Simple Period Of Existence Essay

Within society, many people oversee the true capabilities and voices a child can demonstrate and express due to the ideologies and assumptions created through social construction. One core assumption about childhood is the opinion of age and how it is thought to be a measure and an indication of a child’s competency and rationality. . The age of childhood is not a simple period of existence to underpin. However, childhood is the one defining characteristic every human ventures through regardless of differences and culture (Clark, 2010). There is no concrete definition for the term childhood, however it is a contestable concept opened to debate. Each childhood is influenced by different factors such as theories, child-rearing practices, and social and cultural contexts. The concept of childhood is as process of social construction - the way society has shaped ideas and expectations because of specific cultural expectations (Clark, 2010). The rationale for childhood studies according to James (2004) implements an interdisciplinary approach regarding the study of children and childhood. In other words, the traditional boundaries between disciplines, drawing together diverse theories and ideas are intersected to better understand the experience of childhood (James, 2004). Prior to childhood studies, children were viewed as incompetent and undeveloped adults, thus resulting in the assumption that they had neither self-help skills nor any rationality. Through the progressionShow MoreRelatedA Review of Bruner and Sherwoods Study of Peek-a-Boo1674 Words   |  7 Pagesgame which manipulates the infant’s hold on ‘object permanence’ which refers to the ability to be acquainted with the persistent existence of an object even when it is out of sight. The review also includes the analytical evaluation of the concept of peek-a-boo itself. As a simple game of disappearance and reappearance that has always been a part of every infant’s childhood, it has its own strengths and weaknesses which evaluate the methodologies and different viewpoints regarding the game itself. MoreoverRead More William Blakes The Echoing Green Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blakes The Echoing Green The poem ‘The Echoing Green’ is written by William Blake. It is taken from SONGS OF INNOCENCE. It is divine voice of childhood unchallenged by the test and doubts of later years. Blake expresses in simple and lovely diction the happiness and innocence of a child’s first thoughts about. This is a pictorial poem. ‘The Echoing Green’ is a poem about a grassy field on a warm morning in late spring. The poet gives a very beautiful description of a dawn and morningRead MoreThe Death Of Bruno, Gretel1510 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the conclusion of the war, Ralph was held detained, and later hung. Period, Gretel is a married school teacher, living in Berlin. From a youthful supporter of Nazi Germany, Gretel is now an advocate for the learning and growing of young children. The death of her innocent brother has influenced her, leading to the creation a better human. Despite her ambitions, her husband and son remain unaware of her horrific childhood. Gretel constantly recollects the memories of her youth, as the presenceRead MoreEssay on Social Construction of Child and Childhood1406 Words   |  6 PagesSocial construction of child and childhood To start with an overview of social constructionism in very general terms leads to build understandings of child and childhood in a social world more explicitly. Notion of social construction is defined in diverse disciplines and instead of generating a description there are a number of thoughts. â€Å"It is sometimes called a movement, at other times a position, a theory, a theoretical orientation, an approach; psychologists remain unsure of its status (StamRead MoreBelonging Essay of Skrzynecki and Lord of the Flies1379 Words   |  6 Pages‘A feeling of belonging depends on a strong relationship, developed over a period of time.’ To what extent would you support this viewpoint? In your essay refer in detail to your prescribed text and at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. According to sociobiologists, the need for human connection and belonging is hardwired and genetically dictated. It defines ‘who’ and ‘what’ we are, and how we fit into the world around us. An individual’s sense of connection may be influenced byRead MoreRomantic Characteristics in Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell525 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout all of his literary works, Blake incorporates many classic romantic characteristics. But he also incorporated important people and events surrounding the time period. One of his most controversial works, â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell† explores three of the most prominent romantic themes in his works: the battle between good and evil, the presence of the supernatural and an affinity for nature. Most likely inspired by Emanuel Swedenborg’s â€Å"Heaven and Hell†, Blake used common romanticRead MoreSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican, Br itish and continental writers (Burr, 1995). However, in childhood studies this notion appears later on. It is mostly held universally, childhood is a stage that biologically existing in human life in early years. It should be considered this childhood is constructed in the society. As a social being, it brings into the mind the relationship between society and child, inevitably. However, the dominant understanding of childhood attributes biological and social development, as figurative symbolsRead MoreA Child is the Father of Man2480 Words   |  10 Pagesorderliness and acts have hidden meanings although he himself may be unaware of it. He thinks that childhood period is the ground or the basis of man’s personality. Childhood experiences form one’s personality and they reflect what a child is going to be. Another school of thought says about this statement that â€Å"a child is a potential man.† He develops his most of qualities in childhood period which g radually help him in becoming a mature person. Even modern psychology says that man’s personalityRead More William Blake and The Garden of Love Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesBlake and move on, left with only these initial impressions, it would be a great pity; true enjoyment of this poet can only come about through some understanding of his life, background, and skill in the manipulation of the tool of simple lyrical poetry, to convey deeper meaning.    Amongst his admirers, Blake is considered something of a renaissance man, a frustrated and hugely gifted artist and writer, a social renegade, and something of a true western mysticRead More Stone Angel - Hagar as a Product of her Environment Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesProduct of her Environment  Ã‚        Ã‚   Since the commencement of our world, there have been those such as Hitler, Einstein and Hitchcock, whose very name stands apart from the masses; their distinct aura symbolized something far greater than just a simple human life.   Such a statement can be applied to Hagar Shipley, the protagonist from the novel The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence, and hold true.   Hager is a unique character, whose essence rises above others, such that after understanding the journey

State Tests Required for High School Graduation Essay

State tests have existed as a main subject is high school for many years now. It almost all schools today students must pass these tests to graduate from high school. These tests are a very controversial topic, many pros and cons go along with the subject of state test. Some people believe that these tests help with students education, and they should have to pass these tests to graduate from high school; others disagree and think these tests just cause more stress for students. Students spend their time in high school learning more about taking state tests when they could use more of their time learning skills that would aid them in their future life. However, a few positive aspects of these tests do exist. There are some†¦show more content†¦These states tests can also allow teachers of these tests whose classes to be rewarded if they have high scores on these tests. The scores of the these tests can be averaged and they can look at how well the teachers may be teaching the subjects. If a teacher has a mostly failing or poor scores on these tests they could be fired or moved to teach another subject. Or a school may reward a teacher if they have a higher and mostly advanced scores on these tests. The teachers could be rewarded with a party for their classes with the highest scores or they may even get a raise in their pay. These state tests will make subject area teachers work harder and do a better job at teaching so that they can get rewarded for their efforts (Standardized Test 2). However, although positive aspects of these tests exist, many negative aspects also abide. For example, state tests do not help students learn about having a career when they graduate from high school. By learning all about taking and passing state tests in high school, these students are not prepared for the real world. These students only learn what they need to know for the tests and that, sometimes, can mean they only memorize the material instead of actually learning it. What will these students do when they have to pay taxes? Or buy a house? These things should show up in what is taught in theShow MoreRelatedThe No Child Left Behind Act1420 Words   |  6 PagesMany stakeholders’ in public education are seeking solutions to produce high achieving students who graduate ready to embrace technological challenges. One solution for many stakeholders’ seems to be high stakes testing. High stakes testing is an educational reform where decisions are based on individual student performance, teacher performance, and school performance. The tests are usually performed as an end of course or end of grade assessment after completion of the curriculum. The No ChildRead MoreThe State Board Of Education Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents test scores. Research shows that foreign language study, especially when the study of a second language begins in the elementary school years is a viable solution. Foreign language study improves cognitive abilities, positively influences achievement in other disciplines, and r esults in higher attained test scores. Additionally, younger children are more receptive to learning a foreign language. Therefore, foreign language study should be made available in all elementary schools in OregonRead MoreEssay on Private versus Public Education 1352 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 2007-2008 school years, twenty-five percent of all United States schools were private schools. Private education is superior to public education in that it consists of a better environment, better academics, and you can incorporate religion. The environment which surrounds you at a school affects the outcome of someone’s learning ability. Although private schools may not be state funded, they still have the means to supply a nice facility for their students. Public schools are kept up toRead MoreWhat Do You Serve At This School Location?987 Words   |  4 PagesMcConnell, School Counselors at Columbus High School, Columbus Municipal School District in Columbus MS My first question: What population do you serve at this school location? Columbus High school population has a total of one thousand and three hundred student’s grades from ninth through twelfth grade. The school is broken down where ninth and tenth grades are focusing on more core curriculum for state testing and 11th and 12th are preparing for ACT and SAT and graduation. The school has a differentRead MoreThe And School Promotion And Graduation Ceremonies1194 Words   |  5 Pagescourt case, it has been questioned whether a middle school promotion and high school graduation should be allowed to be held in a church. The school could not hold the promotion and graduation ceremonies because the auditorium was found to be holding high levels of unhealthy chemicals from paint and this was also found at the middle and high school’s gyms and cafeterias.The school decided that the best option would be to hold the promotion and graduation at an alternate indoor location, a C hurch. TheRead MoreUnderstanding The Educational Gap Between Nevada and Wisconsin1636 Words   |  7 Pagespublic education school system, they also help us to understand what were doing wrong in the classroom. In comparison of two different states, Nevada and Wisconsin lay at two very different ends of the educational spectrum. To properly understand how Wisconsin is far more successful in terms of academic achievement than Nevada, it will be helpful to compare and analyze what contributing factors effect both states in terms of their educational reputations. Every state in the United States has differentRead MoreReducing Credits For High School Graduation924 Words   |  4 Pagesreducing credits for high school graduation will help students graduate on time. I say that because nowadays in America, schools are always competing for high test scores rather than focusing on the bigger picture. Instead of teachers giving out a handful of work in class work, teachers should interact more with their student. By teachers helping students out, students eventually will want to come to class everyday ready to learn. Some students go to school just because it is required, but nowadays studentsRead MoreCareer Options For Obstetrician Gynecologist Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagessubject, and I discovered what an obstetrician gynecologist (OB/GYNs) was and immediately I knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. 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The socialRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing Environment Is The Overwhelming Consensus Of The Failures Associated With Special Needs909 Words   |  4 Pageseducationally in a high-stakes testing environment is the overwhelming consensus of the failures associated with the testing in meeting the needs of the economically disadvantaged and the students with special needs. As high-stakes testing became the prevalent norm for Texas and the U.S, supporters were adamant that this testing provide new opportunities for those students in the highest risk of failure. This new level of accountability would reportedly help struggling schools better mee t the needs

Impact of Leather Waste Free Essays

1. 1. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Leather Waste or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leather industrial waste: Prominent effectiveness of leather industry is amplified by high input and expenditure but on other side it causes huge waste of resource, incredible environmental pollution and biological chain destruction [17]. Streams of gaseous, liquid and solid waste are resulted by environmental blow of tanneries. Global leather industry generates 4 million tones of solid waste per year [18]. People use products of the leather-processing industry on a daily basis. These include especially shoes, leather and textile goods; we normally encounter leather products even in both public and private transport. The primary raw material for final products is hide from animals from slaughter houses and hide from game—i. e. waste from the meat industry, which is processed in tanneries and turned into leather. Therefore, the tanning industry can be considered one of the first industries to use and recycle secondary raw materials. Although the tanning industry is environmentally important as a principal user of meat industry waste, the industry is perceived as a consumer of resources and a producer of pollutants. Processing one metric ton of raw hide generates 200 kg of final leather product (containing 3 kg of chromium), 250 kg of non-tanned solid waste, 200 kg of tanned waste (containing 3 kg of chromium), and 50,000 kg of wastewater (containing 5 kg of chromium) [1]. Thus, only 20% of the raw material is converted into leather, and more than 60% of the chromium is in the solid and liquid waste. During the production of leather goods, especially shoes, manipulation waste is produced, whichmakes about 15–20% of the entry material—leather. The last kinds ofwaste are used leather products which have lost their utility value. 1. 1. The possibility of oxidation of CrIII to CrVI The basic question is the possible oxidation reaction from chromium III to chromium VI. In basic solutions, the oxidation of CrIII to CrVI by oxidants such as peroxides and hypohalide occurs with ease [2]. Such strong oxidation conditions are realized in the process of the sterilization of drinking water. This is the first threat to human health and life. Rain (especially acid rain) can leach chromium III from waste dumps, and soluble salts can then reach sources of drinking water. During the sterilization process by ozone or hypochloride, chromium III is converted into chromium VI and reacts with magnesium and calcium ions occurring in drinking water to produce carcinogenic magnesium and calcium chromate or dichromate salts. Another problem concerns the possibility of oxidation of CrIII into CrVI in gentle conditions by air in the wide range of pH. Principally, oxidation can be realized after the following equations: According to the European Commission (EC) the quantities of solid waste produced by tanneries depend on the type of leather processed, the source of hides and skins, and the techniques applied [2]. On an average, at the end of the process, about 20% of the weight of the raw hides is (grain side) leather [2]. On the other hand, in Rio Grande do Sul, approximately 40% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid and liquid wastes [3]. In the tanning industry, raw skin is transformed into leather by means of a series of chemical and mechanical operations [4,5]. Chromium salts (in particular, chromium sulfate) are the most widely used tanning substances today. Hides that have been tanned with chromium salts have a good mechanical resistance, an extraordinary dyeing suitability and a better hydrothermal resistance in comparison with hides treated with plant substances. Chromium salts also have a high rate of penetration into the inter fibrillar spaces of the skin, what represents a saving in terms of production time and a better control of the process [6]. In Brazil, approximately 90% of the leather industry uses chromium in hide processing, resulting in hazardous The conventional tannery methods lead to discharge of solutions with chromium concentrations in the range of 1500–4000 mg/l. The specification for the discharge of chromium containing liquid wastes stipulates a range of 0. 3–2 mg/l [21]. The tanning treatments to produce the wet blue leather yield sludge containing approximately 3% (w/w) of chromium [9]. The method commonly used for this waste disposal presents high operational costs. The production of chromium containing leather wastes (including chrome shavings and tanned splits) in leather industry has been recognized as a real problem for many years [ref]. The chromium leather wastes are generated principally during mechanical treatments carried out after tanning process. In this latter, chromium is bound with the collagen matrix, by cross linking with collagen carboxylic groups through coordinate covalent linkage [6–10]. The final chemical structure of the waste illustrated in Eq. (1), is obtained through two chemical phenomena â€Å"olation and oxolation†. As reported by numerous authors [6–12], the olation phenomenon is observed gradually with the increase of the alkalinity of the tanning medium. The olified complex continues its evolution through time and an acid discharge takes place while the oxygen-chrome coordinate links are transformed into covalent links (oxolation bridges) Eq. The great stability of the collagen–chromium complex produced makes the waste a non-biodegradable and toxic material, due to the chromium and nitrogen content about 4. 3% and 14%, respectively [13,14]. A large amount of waste still goes into land disposal [15]. Incineration in air atmosphere generates other forms of residual pollutant (gaseous emission and ashes) more noxious [16–21] The solid wastes generated _presented in Table 1. from leather industry can be broadly classified as untanned collagenous, tanned collagenous and non-proteinous wastes. Among the tanned collagenous waste, the one resulting from the finishing operation called buffing dust draws the most attention from the public and pollution control authorities. Buffing dust appears in a considerable proportion with processing of raw hides skins _i. e. 2–6 kg per ton of raw hides skins.. Buffing dust is a micro fined solid particulate impregnated with chromium, synthetic fat, oil, tanning agents and dye chemicals. Buffing dust carries about 2. 7% chromium on dry weight basis. This is carcinogenic in nature and it causes clinical problems like respiratory tract ailments w1x, allergic dermatitis, ulcers, perforated nasal septum, kidney malfunctions w2x and lung cancer w3x in humans exposed to the environment containing buffing dust particulates. Hence, it is cautioned by pollution control authorities to collect the buffing dust for safety disposal. The current practice of disposing of buffing dust consists of: _i. incineration in incinerators, _ii. land co-disposal w4–12x. Incineration causes serious air pollution problems because of release of toxic So and No gases w13x, and it has been observed x x that at 8008C, about 40% of Cr_III. is converted into Cr_VI. during the incineration of Cr laden solid waste w14x. The tanning industry is familiar with its being a potentially pollution-intensive industry. The nvironmental impacts from tanneries result from liquid, solid and gaseous waste streams. It must be emphasized that 4million tones of solid waste per year is generated by the global tannery industry [6]. According to the estimation of Sreeram et al. , about 0. 8 million tons of chromium tanned shavings are generated per year globally [7]. The solid wastes from tannery industries may have significant Cr (III) conten t. Even though Cr (III) is viewed as not toxic, possible oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), due to the acid rains or incineration, threats the environment since Cr(VI) is a more toxic species. Therefore, the conventional disposal methods, land-filling and incineration, cannot be considered a solution to the disposal problem of tanned leather wastes in eco-friendly manner. In literature, there are many studies on the treatment of tanned leather wastes mainly including the extraction of chromium from wastes to re-use in the tanning process [8,9] and isolation of protein fractions [10,11]. The tanning industry generates a huge quantum of liquid and solid wastes while producing finished leather. Tanning is the main process followed in leather manufacturing that protects the leather against some environmental effects such as microbial degradation, heat, sweat or moisture, etc [1]. In tanning industry raw skins/hides are transformed into leather by means of a series of chemical and mechanical operations [2,3]. The tanning process is usually accomplished in three distinct phases, i. e. , preparation of the raw live stock to tan with tanning agents, tanning with mineral/vegetable tanning agents and post tanning to impart colour to finished leather. Basic chromium sulfate is the most widely used tanning agent for converting putrescible collagen fibres into non-putrescible leather matrix. Chrome tanned leathers have improved mechanical resistance, extraordinary dyeing suitability and better hydrothermal resistance in comparison with vegetable tanned leather. The solid wastes generated from leather industry can be broadly classified into untanned collagenous, tanned collagenous and non-proteinaceous wastes. Among the tanned collagenous waste, the one resulting from the finishing operation is called chrome buffing dust (CBD). CBD is a micro fined solid particulate impregnated with chromium, synthetic fat, oil, tanning agents and dye chemicals. About 2–6 kg of CBD is generated as a solid waste per ton of skin/hide processed. CBD contains chromium, it is carcinogenic in nature and it causes clinical problems like respiratory tract ailments, ulcers, perforated nasal septum, kidney malfunction [4] and lung cancer [5] in humans exposed to the environment containing buffing dust particulates. Hence, it is advised by pollution control authorities to collect the CBD for safe disposal. The current methods for disposing buffing dust are land codisposal and thermal incineration. Land co-disposal method is not preferred for the reasons such as overall high pollution emissions and low energy recovery. The leather industry generates a large amount of a Cr-containing solid waste (wet blue leather), with approximately 3% (w/w) of chromium. However, the leather industry has commonly been associated with high pollution due to the bad smell, organic wastes and high water consumption caused during traditional manufacturing processes [2]. Different forms of waste in quality and quantity, which emerge during the transformation of hides and skins into leathers in thousands of leather factories, from primitive to modern all around the world, have negative impacts on the environment. According to the data received from the studies of several researchers, approximately 200 kg of leather is manufactured from 1 tone of wet-salted hide [1-3]. This amount constitutes about 20% of rawhide weight. More than 600 kg of solid waste is generated during the transformation of Raw hide into leather. That is to say, solid wastes containing protein and fat that constitute more than 60% of rawhide weight are disposed to the environment by leather factories without turning them to good use In other words, besides the 30-35m3 waste water disposed to environment during the processing of every 1 ton of rawhide in world leather industry, the data from FAO reveals that approximately 8. 5 million tons of solid waste is generated during the production of 11 million tons of raw hide processed in the world [4]. Solid wastes generated by the leather industry in these stages of processes may be classified as follows: i. astes from untanned hides/skins (trimmings, fleshing wastes) ii. wastes from tanned leather (shaving wastes, buffing dust) iii. wastes from dyed and finished leather (trimmings from leather) Data obtained from research reveals that 80% of solid wastes are generated during pre-tanning processes, while 20% of the wastes are caused by post-tanning processes Due to the bad smell th ey produce during their putrefaction and their harmful chemical content, untanned hide/skin wastes have negative effects on the soil and/or water resources of the environment where they are discharged, in other words n the local plant flora and animal fauna. Therefore, uncontrolled discharge of such wastes should be prevented without taking adequate precautions. Legal arrangements gradually gaining speed all over the world enforce the leather industry to apply innovations in terms of reusing solid wastes generated during leather production processes such as fleshing, shaving, trimming and splits. Solid wastes create a major problem for leather industry in terms of both their variety and quantity. A high amount of reusable waste is generated in the leather industry. It is possible to recycle these products and even use them as raw materials for different industries [7]. The variety and quantity of solid wastes depends on animal species, breeding conditions, slaughterhouse practices, conservation conditions, leather process stages, mechanical operations, qualification of the personnel, and chemicals used in processes. Yet this fact causes uncertainties in reusing the generated wastes. How to cite Impact of Leather Waste, Papers

East Of Eden Essay Example For Students

East Of Eden Essay In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck, Catherine Ames is introduced to the reader as a monster and as time goes on, she possesses both animal like and monster qualities. As Catherine she gets older and wiser, she gets more evil and displays her monster and animal like characteristics. She knows she is powerful and indestructible. She manipulates and tricks many people in her life pushing them to go to the last resort death. Catherine (Cathy) shows her evilness and her monster like behavior in many scenes throughout the book. Steinbeck illustrates Cathy as being a monster in the quote, I believe there are monsters born in the world It is my belief that Cathy Ames was born with the tendencies, or lack of them, which drove and forced her all of her life, This shows that Cathy used this to her advantage by making people uneasy, but not so uneasy that they would not run away from her. Cathy was born with an innocent look that fooled many; she had golden blond hair, hazel eyes, a th in and delicate nose, and a small chin to make her face look heart shaped. According to the town Cathy lived, Cathy had a scent of sweetness, but that is just what Cathy wanted the town to see and think when Cathy planned her kill. On page 114-115, The fire broke out the Ames house went up like arocket Enough remained of Mr. and Mrs. Ames to make sure there were two bodies. Cathy had set the house on fire and broke into the safe to steal the familys money. As the investigators scoped the place, they noticed that the bolts stuck out and there were no keys left in the locks. They knew it was not an accident. Cathys body was never found, but the town assumed that she died. If it had not been for Cathys murder, the fire and robbery might have been a coincidence. Steinbeck, again, portrays the reader that Cathy is a monster on page 242, When I said Cathy was a monster it seemed to me that it was so.Steinbeck is reassuring the reader that Cathy is a monster and with the evidence before an d after this statement. For example, Cathy later changes her name to Kate and runs a whorehouse. While she runs the house, she takes pictures of all the important male individuals in the town to later send to their spouses and families. Cathy plans to send the pictures whether they caused trouble or not. As Cathys character evolves, Steinbeck changes his description from a monster to an animal. Her head jerked up and her sharp teeth fastened on his hand across the back and up into the palm near the little finger her jaw was set and her head twisted and turned, mangling his hand the way a terrier worries a sack. Steinbeck said on page 253. Cathys sharp teeth fastened into a mans hand who was only trying to help. Cathys sharp teeth sunk into the mans flesh like a dogs canines would have. She tore away at the skin and twisted and turned her head to resemble a dog. Do you think I want to be human? Look at those pictures! Id rather be an animal than a human, said Cathy. Cathy admits she would rather be an animal than a human. The physical features of Cathy are that of a human but the mental state of her resembles an animal. Although, Cathy seems to down grade and be paradoxical about herself because humans are much smarter than dogs, but she says she is smarter than any normal human. She knows how to manipulate any individual without trying. On page 427, Uncontrolled hatred shone in Kates eyes. She screamed, a long and shrill animal screech. Cathy, for unknown reasons has animal characteristics. This one just happens to be the screech of an animal. .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .postImageUrl , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:hover , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:visited , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:active { border:0!important; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:active , .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12ffefcfc4c3c29bdc5403cad289d0bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evaluation of preparation and improvisation EssaySteinbeck uses Cathy for suspense in his novel. You never know what she is going to do next or what she is thinking. She has more characteristics of a monster and an animal than a human. Cathys character has no talk about being normal except for her

What were the consequences of Mohammad an Example by

What were the consequences of Mohammad not leaving an heir? Mohammad served as the source of religious, political and social authority prior to his death. His authority is widely accepted and recognized across the vast Muslim community. His death and the circumstances of his death had radical implications on Islam. His death marked the end of prophetic revelations (Dodge, 2003). By not designating an heir or specifying a system of selecting his successor, differences in perspectives over the rightful successor and the process of succession divided Muslims into Sunni and Shia. Need essay sample on "What were the consequences of Mohammad not leaving an heir?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper today? Essay writer professionals suggest: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Essay Writing Services Best Essay Writing Service Pay Someone To Write Paper Good Essay Writing Company Succession in the Muslim culture happens according to shura or the idea of consultation and representative selection (Stearns Oxtoby, 2002). This principle is highly revered because of its inclusion in several passages of the Koran. In practice, consultation and representation at the tribal level takes place through the tribal council in selecting the chief or leader (Dodge, 2003). The members of the tribal council are the selected members of the tribe and usually include representatives from the major and largest families or clans in the community. As such, the decision of the tribal council received acceptance by the community. The leadership of Mohammad is an extraordinary circumstance since recognition of his authority extended even beyond his own clan and community. Upon his death, no person can assume Mohammads authority (Stearns & Langer, 2001). Since there is nobody who can equal his authority, the selection of a kaliph who can continue to unify the Muslim communities was a problem. Apart from the problem of selecting a worthy successor, the selection process displaced the traditional principle of consultative representation through the tribal council. The immediacy of selecting a successor weighed on the people closest to Mohammad before his death that unorthodox methods ensued (Oxtoby, 2002). In addition, selecting a leader for the entire Muslim population is difficult when applying a system that operates at the narrow level of the tribe in Madinah. There are many clans to consider in various parts of the Muslim territory complicating the selection process. Although successors emerged through varied processes of succession, this became the root of armed conflict among Muslim clans and communities and the split between Sunni and Shia Islam. Right after Mohammads death, Abu Bakr, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, and Uthman Ibn Affan three of Mohammads closest companions met in Madinah to help in selecting a leader (Oxtoby, 2002). The process involved the representatives of major clans in the community. However, no decision emerged because of differences in the views of the clans over the rightful successor, with the clans preferring a person from their own clan (Stearns Dodge, 2003). Through his influence, others acquiesced to the appointment to create a majority. Abu Bakr became the first kaliph. In opposition, the Hashim clan who make up the relatives of Mohammad firmly believed that the rightful successor should be of the lineage of Mohammad (Dodge, 2003). Their candidate was Ali Ibn Ali Talib, the first cousin of Mohammad and husband of Mohammads daughter Fatima (Oxtoby, 2002). They were a minority so it took a while before Ali assumed leadership. At this point, there was already deep-seated enmity between the followers of Abu Bakr and supporters of Ali. Before Abu Bakr died, he already appointed Umar, one of the three companions, as his successor (Oxtoby, 2002). Alis supporters were unable to elect their candidate. As the second kaliph, his caliphate lasted longer but the protests remained and he could not unite the clans of Madinah. He succeeded in conquering new territories such as Iraq, Iran and Syria (Oxtoby, 2002) but unable to quell the discontent of some groups in Madinah. Umar implemented a different system by appointing a six-member council to select his successor (Oxtoby, 2002). Two candidates emerged Uthman the last of the three companions and Ali. The bickering was intense but in the end, Uthman became the third kaliph possibly because of his wealthy status and reputation as one of Mohammads companions and supporter or Islam (Stearns & Langer, 2001). This is the third rejection of Ali and his supporters are growing more agitated. Uthman faced claims of abuse of his position and favoring his relatives (Oxtoby, 2002). This ended in his assassination. This time, Uthman did not appoint a successor or created a council. In an attempt to ease the civil strife, the male representatives of the clans in Madinah unanimously proclaimed Ali as the fourth kaliph (Oxtoby, 2002). His ascent into leadership established his followers, the Shia. He did not support the request of Uthmans relatives to avenge the death of the third kaliph (Oxtoby, 2002). This delineated the fissure between the majority Muslims supporting Uthman and Alis Shia followers. There was an internal disagreement between Ali and a group of his followers when Ali agreed to arbitrate conflict. This group called the Kharijis defected (Oxtoby, 2002). Throughout the troubles of this caliphate, Alis remaining supporters maintained Mohammads lineage as righteous heir and determined this belief as the Shia distinction. Alis sons Hasan and Husayn became his successors (Dodge, 2003). The Shia became a minority group that focused on religious zeal. This group believed the imam as the religious leader mandated by divine providence so that Alis descendents were the rightful imams (Oxtoby, 2002). This differed from the kaliph, a position that involved religious and secular authority. There were many sects of the Shia, but these centered on the fundamental belief in the Mohammads bloodline as the rightful successors (Stearns Oxtoby, 2002; Dodge, 2003). As a minority group, these attracted impoverished Muslims and non-Arab Muslims as followers (Oxtoby, 2002). These established Shia as distinct from the majority Sunni Muslims. References Dodge, C. H. (2003). The everything understanding Islam book: A complete and easy-to-read guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, traditions, and culture. Avon, MA: Adams Media. Oxtoby, W. G. (2002). World religions: Western traditions (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stearns, P. N., & Langer, W. L. (2001). The encyclopedia of world history. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

The Efficency of Golf Carts essays

The Efficency of Golf Carts essays Review of Literature: Golf Cart Efficiency In Peachtree City, 9 out of every 10 people own a golf cart. Most just sit in garages sprawled throughout the city limits, and occasionally get driven around for short distances. Some people actually use them to play golf! But how much money does it actually cost to drive those helpful yet sometimes sparingly driven machines? Well thats just about to be answered. To compare, a car, the most driven vehicle on the planet, will be used for comparison. First, though, one must understand the inter-workings of both cars and golf carts to further understand the efficiency of either. Golf carts work similarly to cars, but have different types of power sources. Most golf carts are powered by DC (direct current) electric motors, but some are powered by AC (alternating current) electric motors. The basic DC electric motor is shown in the diagram below. The basic electric motor uses magnets to create movement. The attracting and repelling forces of the magnets create the rotational motion of the armature (or rotor). The armature is an electromagnet that spins inside the field magnet. This part of the motor is normally encased in a steel shell. On the exterior of the motor, you will find two leads, or battery connections. This is where you run the wires to the batteries. These leads are connected to the brushes, which transfer power from the battery to the commutator. Most batteries in golf carts are deep cycle batteries. Car batteries and golf cart batteries are both lead-acid batteries, and have the same chemistry. Golf cart batteries provide minimal short bursts of power when needed, and is designed to be drained of energy completely many times over (100+). To accomplish this, it uses thicker plates. Golf cart batteries also have almost two to three times the Reserve Capacity (RC). RC is defined as The number of minutes that the battery can deliver 25 amps...

Broken windwo theory in crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Broken windwo theory in crime - Essay Example For instance, in the real life situation, if the governments of the concerned states ensure that they institute proper monitoring policies, the state will have minimal issues to report that would relate to vandalism, since the urban areas are constantly under check. In fact, this is to mean that the number of rising cases of crimes would reduce on a higher rate, resulting in a situation whereby the country would be a more peaceful place prior to the scrutiny processes. With the introduction of the theory in the early 1980s, it is expected that the beneficiaries of the theory have had immense benefits in terms of the restoring sense in the communal sphere, through reduced occurrences of crime. Over the years, it can arguably be justified to make the assumption that the theory has been a motivation to the complete banning of crime in the public, through restructuring of the policies of crime monitoring. Despite the fact that the theory has been debated on its validity and practicality, it is recommended that the positives of the theory be applied. In the real life setting, the theory can be applied by the police taking part in the initiatives to conduct constant patrols in the streets so as to avert implementation of any kind of crimes that might have been planned. The theory can also be applied practically through establishment of community policing programs. With community policing functional in the society, it is obvious that both parties will join forces in ensuring that crime is forestalled collectively. Studies indicate that the tough economic conditions have resulted in a lot of youths indulging in criminal activities. All these can only be handled if the police forces restructure their policies on handling crime in the society. The costs of prevention can indeed not be measured alongside curbing of the effects. In